International Journal of Research on Social and Natural Sciences

Abstract: This research paper explores the concept of karma as a psychological construct, examining its implications for personal responsibility and its potential applications across various domains. By analysing the psychological mechanisms underlying karmic beliefs, including cognitive biases, attribution theories, and the neurological basis for such thinking patterns, this study aims to uncover the influence of karma on human behaviour, decision-making processes, and ethical reasoning. The paper also delves into the philosophical implications of karma, including its role in the determinism versus free will debate and its ethical considerations. Through critical analysis, the study assesses the strengths and limitations of the psychological interpretation of karma, comparing it with traditional religious and spiritual views. Finally, the paper outlines practical applications of karmic principles in therapy, legal systems, and education, demonstrating their potential to promote personal growth, justice, and social responsibility. Keywords: Karma, Psychological Construct, Personal Responsibility, Cognitive Biases, Attribution Theory

Abstract India’s escalating crime rates, driven by both traditional and emerging offenses like cybercrime and financial fraud, underscore the urgent need for modernized policing. Traditional law enforcement mechanisms are increasingly strained by population growth, digital expansion, and jurisdictional complexity. Smart and technology-enabled policing offers a transformative solution by integrating tools like AI-based predictive analytics, surveillance systems, and digital case management. Initiatives such as CCTNS (Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems) and command-control centres have already demonstrated improved coordination and responsiveness. However, bridging the urban-rural digital divide and upskilling personnel remain critical. The study examines the trends and patterns in total crime rates and cybercrime rates in India over the past decade and assesses the effectiveness of smart and technology-enabled policing tools such as CCTV surveillance, CCTNS, predictive policing, and digital forensics in enhancing law enforcement capabilities. Using trend analysis and correlation analysis the results show that there are rising trends in crime rates in India and its states. Further, it is seen that there are positive correlation between number of registered cybercrime and number of arrested cybercrime and conviction rates. To combat the rising trend of crime, the study recommends the necessity of a robust legal framework must complement these advancements to ensure ethical, effective, and accountable policing in India. Keywords: Tech-enabled policing, Crime prevention technologies, AI-based predictive analytics, Cognisable Crimes, Cybercrime, Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems

Abstract The main topic of my essay is to explore how Sri Aurobindo's theory of social evolution is influenced by his metaphysical principles and ideas. Sri Aurobindo expounded metaphysical thought in his book 'The Life Divine', while his view of social evolution is observed in 'The Human Cycle'. He was a great yogi. And so he did not think about the change of the society by some external principles or rules like other sociologists. Sri Aurobindo realized that the transformation of the individual's heart is absolutely necessary for building a just society and therefore he repeatedly emphasized the spiritual development of the individual. Inspired by the German historian Karl Lamprecht's terminology of the stratification of human society, Sri Aurobindo undertook to introduce such stratification in Indian society. He realized that only through the change of the individual's heart will a just society be built, where the sense of solidarity will be awakened in the individual and as a result he will act for the welfare of all living in the world. Rishi Aurobindo believes that only through yoga can a person's inner transformation be possible. And only if this kind of change occurs in the society, the spiritual age will appear. Keywords: Metaphysical thought of Sri Aurobindo, Social Evolution, Human Nature, Yoga

Abstract The Durand Line made the Indian subcontinent so delicate that it created the opportunity for British administrators to maintain the divide-and-rule policy. The critical examination of Intelligence and military strategies utilized by Britishers during the inception of Durand Line 1893 to 1913 lies in this paper. The endeavors of British Military strategists to obtain the Afghanistan combat techniques and the execution of a few military expeditions, considering restrictions of British control in the region is the epicenter of this paper. The ‘Great Game’ culminates the politics and circumstances of NWFP and the strategic concerns over Russian expansionism. Despite diverse military campaigns and the establishment of the Indian Intelligence Corps in 1905, the Britishers ease off to keep up a steady territorial administration, leading to long-term frailty and inevitably contributing to broader geopolitical shifts that wrapped up with Afghanistan’s independence in 1919. Keywords: Durand Line, North-West Frontier, Intelligence Gathering, British Expeditions, Tribal Uprisings

Abstract This research paper explores the issue of mail robberies in 19th century colonial Bengal. During this period the Grand Trunk Road served as a link between Calcutta and distant regions. Yet, amidst bustling commerce, audacious robbers preyed upon vulnerable transportation routes, notably targeting Calcutta Banghy Mail. This paper examines the organized criminal activities targeting valuable parcels carried through the route, the internal collaboration between criminals and certain segments of society and the corruption within the police forces. Apart from that, it analyzes that the preventive measures taken by the British Government to combat these crimes which sheds light on the challenges faced and the strategies employed to protect public property and restore faith in justice. Keywords: Connivance, Corruption, Criminals, Mail, Robbery

Abstract In an era marked by technological disruption, ethical dilemmas, political uncertainty, and increasing mental health challenges, philosophy proves to be more essential than ever. This paper examines the contemporary relevance of philosophical thought across key societal domains—ethics, governance, education, technological innovation, and personal well-being. Through recent scholarship, the paper moves beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries to address not only what philosophy contributes, but also how and why it shapes practical engagement with global problems. From algorithmic bias in artificial intelligence to educational equity and moral autonomy, philosophical frameworks guide critical inquiry and responsible action. This study advocates for a renewed understanding of philosophy as a living, dynamic force for justice, sustainability, and meaning-making in the 21st century. Keywords: Political Philosophy, Critical Thinking, Digital Privacy, Virtue Ethics, Mindfulness

Abstract The empowerment of women, particularly those from marginalized tribal communities, is essential for achieving inclusive and sustainable development. This study explores the impact of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) on the socio-economic empowerment of tribal women in the Jhargram District of West Bengal. Using primary data collected from 300 SHG members, the study employs the Alkire-Foster methodology to construct a composite index measuring both social and economic empowerment before and after joining SHGs. Key social indicators include health-related decision-making, family planning awareness, and educational attainment, while economic indicators include control over savings, household expenditure, and financial independence. The findings indicate a significant improvement in both social and economic empowerment post-participation in SHGs. The average social empowerment index increased from 0.31 to 0.70, and the economic empowerment index rose from 0.24 to 0.57. Statistical tests, including paired sample t-tests, confirmed the significance of these improvements at the 1% level. The study concludes that SHGs serve as effective platforms for empowering tribal women by fostering leadership, decision-making, and financial autonomy. Recommendations include enhanced outreach, awareness programs, and greater inclusion of disadvantaged women through government and NGO collaboration. This research underscores the critical role of SHGs in transforming the socio-economic landscape of rural tribal communities. Keywords: Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Tribal Women, Empowerment, Socio-Economic Development, Jhargram, Alkire-Foster Method